![]() Since combusting muzzle plumes are similar to fireballs - gaseous fuel and particulate matter burn with entrained atmospheric oxygen in a hot, turbulent mixture, Steward et al. 17 obtained temperature in the muzzle flash region of a 7.62 mm rifle M-14 by a nonlinear least squares analysis of coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering (CARS) spectra of the carbon monoxide molecule. 16 determined maximum gas temperature of primary flash, intermediate flash and secondary flash in the muzzle blast field of a 7.62 mm rifle by evaluation of the radiation emitted by the muzzle flash. The measurement of temperature and species concentration is generally based on the muzzle flash spectra. The measurement of temperature and species concentration is one of the main contents of the related research. Study of muzzle flash has focused on its occurrence and suppression 5, 6, the characteristics and identification of flash signatures 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, and the numerical study about simulation 12, 13, 14, 15. 4 confirmed that line, band, and continuum emissions result from excitation due to shock heating and exothermicity in the combusting plume. ![]() Muzzle flash is a common phenomenon during shooting 1, visible and infrared radiation occurring in gun muzzle flow fields is mainly due to the excitation of particles (continuum), atoms (lines), and molecules (bands) 2, 3. The high tolerance to the noise level of the radiation intensity gives the reconstruction algorithm the potential to be used in practical experiments of muzzle flash. The reconstruction of the soot volume fraction filed with SNR greater than 40 dB is considered successful with the inclusion of an appropriate regularization term in the objective function, and the reconstruction of the temperature field is feasible even with SNR as low as 15 dB. Subsequently, prior knowledge of the noise level was introduced in the regularization to achieve a meaningful approximation of the exact value. A method to estimate the noise level of radiation intensity was developed, experimental results showed that the signal-to-noise ratio ( SNR) of radiation intensity can be successfully inferred when the SNR is greater than 20 dB. The effects of the number of detection lines, optical thickness and measurement errors on the reconstruction results were discussed in details. The inverse radiative transfer problem of reconstructing distributions of temperature and soot volume fraction from the knowledge of flame radiation intensity was transformed into a minimization optimization problem and a meta-heuristic algorithm was used to solve the problem. In this numerical study, radiation intensity of muzzle flash received by the high-speed Complementary Metal-Oxide-Semiconductor (CMOS) camera was simulated based on the line-of-sight method in the direct radiative transfer problem. So, whether you're looking for a new airsoft gun, airsoft clothing & gear, or parts to keep your airsoft equipment in top shape, Land Warrior Airsoft is your go-to place.It is quite a challenge to obtain the temperature and species concentration fields of muzzle flash at high noise level. ![]() We've been in the game since 2007, and we've grown from a small home-based business to a full-fledged warehouse and shop. ![]() We also offer a Two-Tone painting service on all of our airsoft guns for those without an exemption.Īs members of UKARA, we're committed to providing a professional and safe environment for all airsoft players. This means you're either a registered reenactor, a registered airsoft skirmisher, or work in TV or film. To purchase our awesome airsoft guns, you'll need an exemption from the Violent Crime Reduction Act. Whether you're a beginner or a seasoned airsoft veteran, we've got you covered. We're a team of experienced airsoft players who are passionate about providing you with the best gear and service. Airsoft Guns, BBs and Equipment from Land WarriorĬalling all action-packed enthusiasts! Land Warrior Airsoft is your one-stop shop for all things airsoft in the UK.
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